Last updated 10-Jan-2003
Accepted
Rejected
Status not yet determined
Reviews
Critical thinking tests
Meta-analysis theory: procedure and statistics
The studies accepted for this meta analysis:
evaluated undergraduate university/college students
used a pre-post test (longitudinal) OR between groups (cross-sectional) design
covered a period of at least one semester
provided pre and post test means, standard deviations and sample sizes or data to enable meta-analysis computations
was available in published OR unpublished form
measured critical thinking (CT) skills using a quantitative test comprised of CT problems (NOT self-reported estimates of critical thinking ability) and where the test was unpublished, it was not scored by the course instructor and the scorer was blind as to which time period was being scored and the test sampled CT skills widely ie. was not simply based on the curriculum content
evaluated CT subjects OR CT enhanced subjects (some CT training) OR courses with no CT training
|
Researchers and Year of Publication |
Article and Journal |
Department |
Time Period |
| Donohue, A., van Gelder, T., Cumming, G., & Bissett, M. (unpublished). | Reason! Project Studies, 1999-2002 (Reason! Project Technical Report 2002/1). Melbourne: Department of Philosophy, University of Melbourne. Available online: http://www.philosophy.unimelb.edu.au/reason/ | Philosophy | 1 semester |
| Facione, Peter, A. (unpublished). | The California critical thinking skills test: College level technical teport #1 experimental validation and content validity. Unpublished Report. | Various, including Philosophy, Psychology | 1 semester |
| Gadzella, Bernadette, M. (1996). | Teaching and learning critical thinking skills. Paper presented at the International Congress of Psychology (26th, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, August, 19, 1996). | Various | 1 semester |
| Hatcher, Donald, L. (1999, 2001). | Why critical thinking should be combined with written composition. Informal Logic, 19 (2-3), 171-183. & Why Percy can’t think: A response to Bailin. Informal Logic, 21(2), 173-181. | Humanities | 2 semesters |
| Hitchcock, David (unpublished). | The effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction in critical thinking. Unpublished Report. | Unspecified | 1 semester |
| Solon, Tom (unpublished). | Teaching critical thinking: The more, the better! Unpublished Report. | Logic | 1 semester |
| University of Hawai'i West O'ahu Assessment Office (unpublished). | Report on the California critical thinking test. Available online: http://socrates.uhwo.hawaii.edu/socialsci/oshiro/html/assessment/critthnk.htm | Social Sciences | 1 semester |
|
Researchers and Year of Publication |
Article and Journal |
Department |
Time Period |
| Beckie, Theresa, M., Lowry, Lois, W. & Barnett, Scott (2001). |
Assessing critical thinking in Baccalaureate nursing students: A longitudinal study. Holistic Nursing Practice, 15(3), 18-26. |
Nursing | 4 semesters |
| Donohue, A., van Gelder, T., Cumming, G., & Bissett, M. (unpublished). | Reason! Project Studies, 1999-2002 (Reason! Project Technical Report 2002/1). Melbourne: Department of Philosophy, University of Melbourne. Available online: http://www.philosophy.unimelb.edu.au/reason/ | Philosophy | 1 semester |
| Reed, Jennifer H., Kromrey, Jeffrey, D. (2001). |
Teaching critical thinking in a community college history course: empirical evidence from infusing Paul’s model. College Student Journal, 35(2), 201-15. |
History | 1 semester |
| Saucier, Bonnie, L., Stevens, Kathleen, R. & Williams, Gail, B. (2000). |
Critical thinking outcomes of computer-assisted instruction versus written nursing process. Nursing and Health Care Perspectives, 21(5), 240-246. |
Nursing | 1 semester |
| Solon, Tom (unpublished, 2001). | Teaching critical thinking: The more, the better! Unpublished Report. & Improving critical thinking in an introductory psychology course. Michigan Community College Journal: Research and Practice, 7(2), 73-80. | Psychology | 1 semester |
|
Researchers and Year of Publication |
Article and Journal |
Department |
Time Period |
| Adams, M.H., Stover, L.M. & Whitlow, J.E. (1999). | A longitudinal evaluation of baccalaureate nursing students’ critical thinking abilities. Journal of Nursing Education, 38(3), 139-141. | Nursing | 4 semesters |
| Beckie, Theresa, M., Lowry, Lois, W. & Barnett, Scott (2001). | Assessing critical thinking in Baccalaureate nursing students: A longitudinal study. Holistic Nursing Practice, 15(3), 18-26. | Nursing | 4 semesters |
| Daly, W.M. (2001). | The development of an alternative method in the assessment of critical thinking as an outcome of nursing education. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 36(1), 120-130. | Nursing | 3 semesters |
| Donohue, A., van Gelder, T., Cumming, G., & Bissett, M. (unpublished). | Reason! Project Studies, 1999-2002 (Reason! Project Technical Report 2002/1). Melbourne: Department of Philosophy, University of Melbourne. Available online: http://www.philosophy.unimelb.edu.au/reason/ | Philosophy, History and Philosophy of Science | 1 semester |
| Facione, Peter, A. (unpublished). | The California Critical Thinking Skills Test: College Level Technical Report #1 Experimental Validation and Content Validity. Unpublished Report. | Philosophy | 1 semester |
| Gross, Y., Takazawa, E. & Rose, C. (1987). | Critical thinking and nursing education. Journal of Nursing Education, 26, 317-323. | Nursing | 4 semesters |
| Kelly-Riley, Diane, Brown, Gary, Condon, Bill, & Law, Richard (unpublished) | Washington State University Critical Thinking Project. Available online: http://wsuctproject.wsu.edu | Various | 4 semesters |
| Lehmann, I.J. (1963). | Changes in critical thinking, attitudes, and values from freshman to senior years. Journal of Educational Psychology, 54(6), 305-315 | All | 8 semesters |
| McCarthy, P., Schuster, P., Kehr, P. & McDougal, D. (1999). | Evaluation of critical thinking in a baccalaureate nursing program. Journal of Nursing Education, 38(3), 142-144. | Nursing | 4 semesters |
| Pascarella, Ernest, T. (1989). | The development of critical thinking: Does college make a difference. Journal of College Student Development, 30, 19-26. | Various | 2 semesters |
| Reed, Jennifer H., Kromrey, Jeffrey, D. (2001). | Teaching critical thinking in a community college history course: empirical evidence from infusing Paul’s model. College Student Journal, 35(2), 201-15. | History | 1 semester |
| Ross, Gregory, A., & Semb, George (1981). | Philosophy can teach critical thinking skills. Teaching Philosophy, 4(2), 111-122. | Philosophy, Non-Philosophy | 1 semester |
| Solon, Tom (unpublished, 2001). | Teaching critical thinking: The more, the better! Unpublished Report. & Improving critical thinking in an introductory psychology course. Michigan Community College Journal: Research and Practice, 7(2), 73-80. | Rhetoric, Unspecified Humanities | 1 semester |
| Sullivan, E. (1987). | Critical thinking, creativity, clinical performance, and achievement in RN students. Nurse Educator, 12(2), 12-16. | Nursing | 3 semesters |
| Tomlinson-Keasey, C.A. & Eisert, D. (1977). | Second year evaluation of the ADAPT program. In Multidisciplinary Piagetian-Based Programs for College Freshmen: ADAPT. Lincoln: University of Nebraska. | Unspecified | 2 semesters |
| Whitmire, E (2001). | The relationship between undergraduates’ background characteristics and college experiences and their academic library use. College and Research Libraries. 62(6), 528-540. | All | 4 semesters |
Studies rejected for meta-analysis did not meet at least one of the following criteria:
evaluated undergraduate university/college students
used a pre-post test (longitudinal) OR between groups (cross-sectional) design
covered a period of at least one semester
provided pre and post test means, standard deviations and sample sizes or data to enable meta-analysis computations
was available in published OR unpublished form
measured critical thinking (CT) skills using a quantitative test comprised of CT problems (NOT self-reported estimates of critical thinking ability) and where the test was unpublished, it was not scored by the course instructor and the scorer was blind as to which time period was being scored and the test sampled CT skills widely ie. was not simply based on the curriculum content
evaluated CT subjects OR CT enhanced subjects (some CT training) OR courses with no CT training
|
Researchers and Year of Publication |
Article and Journal |
Reason for Rejection |
| Anderson, Tony, Howe, Christina, Soden, Rebecca, Halliday, John & Low, Jennifer (2001). | Peer interaction and the learning of critical thinking skills in further education students. Instructional Science, 29, 1-32. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Annis, David & Annis, Linda (1979). | Does Philosophy Improve Critical Thinking? Teaching Philosophy, 3(2), 145-153. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Bauwens, E. & Gerhard, G. (1987). | The use of the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal to predict success in a baccalaureate nursing program. Journal of Nursing Education, 26, 278-281. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Brembeck, W. (1949). | The effects of a course in argumentation on critical thinking ability. Speech Monographs, 16, 172-189. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Chau, J.P.C., Chang, A.M., Lee, I.F.K., Ip W.Y., Lee, D.T.F. & Wootton, Y. (2001). | Effects of using videotaped vignettes on enhancing students’ critical thinking ability in a baccalaureate nursing program. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 36(1), 112-119. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Colbert, K. (1987). | The effects of CEDA and NDT debate training on critical thinking ability. Journal of the American Forensic Association, 23, 194-201. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Coscarelli, W.C., & Schwen, R.M. (1979). | Effects of three algorithmic representations on critical thinking, laboratory efficiency, and final grade. Educational Communication & Technology, 27(1), 58-64. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Daniel, M.F. (2001). | Philosophical dialogue among peers: A study of manifestations of critical thinking in pre-service teachers. Advances in Health Science Education, 6(1), 49-67. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Dressel, P.L., & Mayhew, L.B. (1954). | General Education: Explorations in Evaluation. Westport: Greenwood Press. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Frederickson, K. (1979). | Critical thinking ability and academic achievement. Journal of New York State Nurses Association, 10(1), 40-44. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Frye, B., Alfred, N. & Campbell, M. (1999). | Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal with BSN students. Nursing Health Care Perspectives, 20(5), 235-253. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Green, C., & Klug, H. (1990). | Teaching critical thinking and writing through debates: An experimental evaluation. Teaching sociology, 18, 462-471. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Harris, Jimmy Carl & Clemmons, Sandra (1996). | Utilization of Standardized Critical Thinking Tests with Developmental Freshmen. Paper presented at the National Conference on Research in Developmental Education. ERIC document # ED 412 825. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Leppa, C. (1997). | Standardized measures of critical thinking: Experience with the California Critical Thinking Tests. Nurse Educator, 22(5), 29-33. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Lyle, E. (1958). | An exploration of the teaching of critical thinking in general psychology. Journal of Educational Research, 52(4), 129-133. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Mangurian, Luz, Feldman, Susannah, Clements, James & Boucher, Laurence (2001). | Analyzing and communicating scientific information: A Towson transition course to hone students' scientific skills. Journal of College Science Teaching, 30(7), 440-445. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Marttunen, M., Laurinen, L (2001). | Learning of argumentation skills in networked and face-to-face environments. Instructional Science. 29(2), 127-153. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Mumm, AM & Kersting, R.C. (1997). | Teaching critical thinking in social work practice courses. Journal of Social Work Education, 33(1), 75-84. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Nisbett, R. E. (1993). | Rules for Reasoning. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Rainbolt, George & Rieber, Steven (unpublished). | Critical Thinking on the Web Information Page Available online: http://www.gsu.edu/~wwwphl/241web/demostart.html | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Richards, M. (1977). | One integrated curriculum: An empirical evaluation. Nursing Research, 26(2), 90-95. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Smith, D.G. (1977). | College classroom interactions and critical thinking. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69(2), 180-190. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Stenning, K., Cox, R. & Oberlander, J. (1995). | Contrasting the cognitive effects of graphical and sentential logic teaching: reasoning, representation and individual differences. Language and Cognitive Processes, 10, 333-354. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Terenzini, Patrick, T., Springer, Leonard, Pascarella, Ernest, T. & Nora, Amaury (1995). | Influences affecting the development of students' critical thinking skills. Research in Higher Education, 36(1), 23-39. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Thompson, Cesarina & Rebeschi, Lisa, M. (1999). | Critical thinking skills of baccalaureate nursing students at program entry and exit. Nursing and Health Care Perspectives, 20(5), 248. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Vaughan-Wrobel, B.C., O’Sullivan, P., & Smith, L. (1997). | Evaluating critical thinking skills of baccalaureate nursing students. Journal of Nursing Education, 36, 485-488. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Weast, Don (1996). | Alternative teaching strategies: the case for critical thinking. Teaching Sociology, 24, 189-194. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Whalen, S. (1991). | Intercollegiate debate as a cocurricular activity: Effects on critical thinking. In D. Parson (Ed.) Argument in Controversy: Proceedings of the 7th SCA/AFA Conference on Argumentation (pp. 391-397). Annandale, VA: Speech Communication Association. | Insufficient statistics or data |
| Bonnette, R., McBride, R.E. & Tolson, H. (2001). | The differential effect of indirect instruction in the teaching of sport skills on critical thinking and self esteem of early adolescent boys placed at risk. Sport education and society, 6(2), 183-198. | High school students |
| Carmichael, J.W., Hassell, J., Hunter, J., Jones, L., Ryan, M.A., & Vincent, H. (1980). | Project SOAR (stress on analytical reasoning). The American Biology Teacher, 42(3), 169-173 | High school graduates |
| Chi, M.T. H., deLeeuw, N., Chiu, M.H. & LaVancher, C. (1994). | Eliciting self-explanation improves understanding. Cognitive Science, 18, 439-477. | High school students |
| Feuerstein, R., Jensen, M., Hoffman, M.B., & Rand, Y. (1985). | Instrumental enrichment, and intervention program for cognitive modifiability: Theory and practice. In J. W. Segal, S.F. Chipman, & R. Glaser (eds), Thinking and learning skills: Volume 1. Relating instruction to research (pp. 43-82). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. | High school students |
| Glaser, E.M. (1941). | An experiment in the development of critical thinking. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. | High school students |
| Howell, W. (1943). | The effects of high school debating on critical thinking. Speech Monographs, 10, 96-103. | High school students |
| Lehman, D.R., Lempert, R.O. & Nisbett, R.E. (1988). | The effects of graduate training on reasoning: Formal discipline and thinking about everyday-life events. American Psychologist, 43(6), 431-442. | Graduate students |
| Lipman, M. (1984). | The cultivation of reasoning through philosophy. Educational Leadership, 42(1), 51-56. | High school students |
| Martin DS, Craft, A., Sheng, ZN (2001). | The impact of cognitive strategy instruction on deaf learners: An international comparative study. American Annals of the Deaf. 146(4), 366-378. | School students |
| McCarthy-Tucker, S. (1998)
|
Teaching logic to adolescents to improve thinking skills. Korean Journal of Thinking and Problem Solving, 8 (1). Available online: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~snm3/ihp/think/index.html | High school students |
| Nickerson, R.S. (1984). | Kinds of thinking taught in current programs. Educational Leadership, 42(1), 26-36. | School students |
| Norris, S.P. (1985). | Synthesis of research on critical thinking. Educational Leadership, 43, 40-45. | School students |
| Osborn, W.W. (1939). | An experiment in teaching resistance to propaganda. Journal of Experimental Education, 8(1), 1-17. | High school students |
| Rogers, G. & McDonald, L. (1992). | Thinking critically - An approach to field instructor training. Journal of Social Work Education, 28(2), 166-177. | College graduates |
| Ryser, GR, Beeler, JE, McKenzie, CM (1995). | Effects of a computer-supported intentional learning environment (CSILE) on students’ self-concept, self-regulatory behavior, and critical thinking ability. Journal of Educational Computing Research. 13(4), 375-385. | High school students |
| Schwartz, R. & Parks, S. (1994). | Infusing Critical and Creative Thinking into Content Instruction. Pacific Gove, CA: Critical Thinking Press and Software. | School students |
| Tobin, K. (1987). | The role of wait-time in higher cognitive level learning. Review of Educational Research, 57(1), 69-95. | School students |
| Zohar, A, Nemet, F (2002). | Fostering students’ knowledge and argumentation skills through dilemmas in human genetics. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 39(1), 35-62. | High school students |
| Gendrop, S.C. (1996). | Effect of an intervention in synoptics on the creative thinking of nurses. Creativity Research Journal, 9(1), 11-19. | No post-test |
| George, K.D. (1967). | A comparison of the critical-thinking abilities of science and non-science majors. Science Education, 51(1), 11-18. | No post-test |
| Markovits, H. (1986). | Familiarity effects in conditional reasoning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78(6), 492-494. | No post-test |
| Nummedal, Susan, G. (1987). | Developing Reasoning Skills in College Students. In D.E. Berger, K.Pazdek, & W.P.Banks (eds.). Applications of Cognitive Psychology. pp. 87-97. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. | No post-test |
| Rapps, J., Riegel, B., & Glaser, D. (2001). | Testing a predictive model of what makes a critical thinker. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 23(6), 610-626. | No post-test |
| Angel, Bonnie, F., Duffey, Margery & Belyea, Michael (2000). | An evidence-based project for evaluating strategies to improve knowledge acquisition and critical-thinking performance in nursing students. Journal of Nursing Education, 39(5), 219- . | Measure based on course curriculum: no wide sampling of CT skills |
| Halpern, Diane F. (1987). | Analogies as a critical thinking skill. In D.E. Berger, K.Pazdek, & W.P.Banks (eds.). Applications of Cognitive Psychology. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. | Measured comprehension only, not critical thinking |
| LeBlanc, Jill, & Blizzard, Alan (unpublished) | Unpublished data set | Measure based on course curriculum: no wide sampling of CT skills |
| Reiter, Susan, N. (1994). | Teaching dialogically: Its relationship to critical thinking in college students. Chapter 12, pp 275-310 Book unknown. | Measured self reported improvement only, not objective |
| Stefanou, Candice, R., & Salisbury-Glennon, Jill D. (unpublished). | Developing college students’ motivation and cognitive learning strategies through an undergraduate learning community. | Measured self reported use of critical thinking strategies only, not objective |
| Tsui, Lisa. (1999). | Courses and instruction affecting critical thinking. Research in Higher Education, 40(2), 185-200. | Measured self reported improvement only, not objective |
| Anderson, R., Halliday, J., Howe, C. & Soden, R. (1997). | Bridging the Academic/Vocational Divide by Integrating Critical Thinking. End of Award Report to ESRC. | Less than 1 semester between pre and post tests |
| Chapman, Barbara (2001). |
Emphasizing concepts and reasoning skills in introductory college molecular cell biology. International Journal of Science Education, 23(11), 1157-1176. |
Less than 1 semester between pre and post tests |
| Gadzella, Bernadette, M., Hartsoe, Kent, & Harper, James (1989). | Critical thinking and mental ability groups. Psychological Reports, 65, 1019-1026. | Less than 1 semester between pre and post tests |
| Keeley, SM, Ali, R., & Gebing, T (1998). | Beyond the sponge model: Encouraging students’ questioning skills in abnormal psychology. Teaching of Psychology, 25(4), 270-274. | Less than 1 semester between pre and post tests |
| Leshowitz, Barry (1989). | It is time we did something about scientific illiteracy. American Psychologist, 44(7), 1159-1160. | Less than 1 semester between pre and post tests |
| Van der Pal, Jelke & Eysink, Tessa (1999). | Balancing situativity and formality: the importance of relating a formal language to interactive graphics in logical instruction. Learning and Instruction, 9, 327-341. | Less than 1 semester between pre and post tests |
| Watson, Goodwin, B., & Glaser, Edward, M. (1980). | Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal Manual Forms A & B. U.S.A.: Harcourt Brace. | Year level of college students not specified |
| Stockard Spelic, Stephanie, Parsons, Mary, Hercinger, Maribeth, & Andrews, Aris et al (2001). | Evaluation of critical thinking outcomes of a BSN program. Holistic Nursing Practice, 15(3), 27-34. | Reported scores are beyond the possible range on the specified measure |
|
Researchers and Year of Publication |
Article and Journal |
| Allen, M., Berkowitz, S. & Louden, A. (1995). | A study comparing the impact of communication classes and competitive forensic experience on critical thinking improvement. The Forensic, 81, 1-7. |
| Berger, M.C. (1984). | Critical thinking ability and nursing students. Journal of Nursing Education, 23, 306-308. |
| Brembeck, W. (1949). | The effects of a course in argumentation on critical thinking ability. Speech Monographs, 16, 172-189. |
| Brooks, K., & Shepard, J. (1990). | The relationship between clinical decision making skills in nursing and general critical thinking abilities of senior nursing students in four types of nursing programs. Journal of Nursing Education, 2, 391-399. |
| Colbert, K. (1995). | Enhancing critical thinking ability through academic debate. Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, 16, 52-72. |
| Covington, M.V., Crutchfield, R.S., Davies, L. & Olton, R.M., Jr. (1974). | The productive thinking program: A course in learning to think. OH: Charles E. Merrill. |
| Dale, P., & Ballotti, D. et al. (1997). | An approach to teaching problem solving in the classroom. College Student Journal, 31, 76-79. |
| Douglas, J. (1951). | An experimental study of training in verbal problem solving methods. Speech Monographs, 19, 115-116. |
| Doyle, S., & Edison, M. (1998). | The seven principles of good practice in undergraduate education as process indicators of cognitive development in college: A longitudinal study. Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Miami. |
| Follert, V. & Colbert, K. (1983, November). | An analysis of the research concerning debate training and critical thinking improvements. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Washington DC. ERIC document # ED 238 058. |
| Frost, Susan (1989). | Academic advising and cognitive development: Is there a link? Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the National Academic Advising Association. |
| Fund for the improvement of postsecondary education (DHEW) (1977). | An interinstitutional effort to establish a competency based bachelor of arts degree in history, Sangamon State University and Illinois Central College. |
| Greenstreet, R. (1993). | Academic debate and critical thinking: A look at the evidence. National Forensic Journal, 11, 13-28. |
| Hagedorn, L., Pascarella, E. et al. (1999). | Does institutional context influence the development of critical thinking? A research note. Review of Higher Education, 22, 247-263. |
| Howard, D.R., & Miskowski, J.A. (2001). | Revising a cell biology lecture and lab course to increase student interest and improve their critical thinking skills. Molecular biology of the cell, 12 (supplement), 514. |
| Inlow, F., & Chovan, W. (1993). | Another search for the effects of teaching thinking and problem solving skills on college students' performance. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 20, 215-223. |
| Jacobs, Stanley, S. (1999). | The equivalence of Forms A and B of the California Critical Thinking Skills Test. Measurement and evaluation in Counselling and Development, 31(4), 211-22. |
| Langer, P., & Chiszar, D. (1993). | Assessment of critical thinking courses. Perceptual and motor skills, 77, 970. |
| Leshowitz,-Barry; Yoshikawa,-Elaine (1996). | An Instructional Model for Critical Thinking. Inquiry, 15(3), 17-37. |
| Logan, C., & Salisbury-Glennon (1999). | The effects of a learner-centered undergraduate community of learners on motivation and cognitive learning strategies. Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal. |
| Logan, G.H. (1976). | Do sociologists teach students to think more critically? Teaching Sociology, 4(1), 29-48. |
| MacPherson, K. (1999). | The development of critical thinking skills in undergraduate supervisory management units: Efficacy of student peer assessment. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 24, 273-284. |
| Marr, D. (1995). | An investigation of the construct validity of the long form of the Academic Profile. Princeton, N.J.: Educational Testing Service. |
| Mentkowski, M., Rodgers, G. et al. (1991). | Understanding abilities, learning and development though college outcome studies: What can we expect from higher education assessment? Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago. |
| Miller, M.A. (1992). | Outcomes evaluation: Measuring critical thinking. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17, 1401-1407. |
| Mines, R., King, P., et al (1990). | Stages of intellectual development and associated critical thinking skills in college students. Journal of College Student Development, 31, 538-547. |
| Pearson, C. (1991). | Barriers to success: Community college students' critical thinking skills. ERIC document # ED 340 415. |
| Price, W. , Wilmes, D. & Turmel, M. (1994). | General Education Assessment in Introductory Psychology. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 5(2), 121-33. |
| Rickert, R.K. (1967). | Developing critical thinking. Science Education, 51(1), 24-27. |
| Schermerhorn, L.L., Williams, L.D. & Dickison, A.K. (1982). | Project Compas: A Design for Change. FL: Seminole Learning College. |
|
Researchers and Year of Publication |
Article and Journal |
| Adams, B.L. (1999). | Nursing education for critical thinking: An integrative review. Journal of Nursing Education, 38 (3), 111-119. |
| Adams, M.H., Whitlow, J.F., Stover, L.M. & Johnson, K.W. (1996). | Critical thinking as an educational outcome: An evaluation of current tools of measurement. Nurse Educator, 21(3), 23-32. |
| Allen, Mike, Berkowitz, Sandra, Hunt, Steve & Louden, Allan (1999). | A meta-analysis of the impact of forensics and communication education on critical thinking. Communication Education, 48, 18-. |
| Beck, S. E., Bennet, A., McLeod, R. & Molyneaux, D. (1992). | Review of research on critical thinking in nursing education. In L. Allan (Ed.), Review of research in nursing education. New York: NLN Press. |
| Cohen, P.A. & Dacanay, L.S. (1994). | A meta-analysis of computer-based instruction in nursing education. Computers in Nursing, 12(2), 89-97. |
| Gibbs, Leonard E. (1985). | Teaching critical thinking at the University Level: A review of some empirical evidence. Informal Logic, 7 (2&3), 137-149. |
| Hill, B. (1993). | The value of competitive debate as a vehicle for promoting development of critical thinking ability. In A. Gill (Ed). CEDA yearbook 14. Dubuque, IA: Kendal/Hunt (pp1-22). |
| Kennedy, M., Fisher, M.B. & Ennis, R.H. (1991). | Critical thinking: literature review and needed research. In L. Idol & B.F. Jones (eds.) Educational values and cognitive instruction. Implication for reform. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. |
| McKendree, J, Small, C, Stenning, K, Conlon, T (2002). | The role of representation in teaching and learning critical thinking. Educational Review, 54(1), 57-67. |
| McMillian, James, H. (1987). | Enhancing College Students’ Critical Thinking: A Review of Studies. Research in Higher Education. 26(1), 3-29. |
| Nickerson, R.S. Perkins, D.N., & Smith, E.E. (1985). | The teaching of thinking. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. |
| Pascarella, E.T. & Terenzini, P.T. (1991). | How College Affects Students: Findings and Insights from Twenty Years of Research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Chapter 4. |
| Pithers RT & Soden R (2000). | Critical thinking in education: A review. Educational Research, 42(3), 237-249. |
|
Researchers and Year of Publication |
Article and Journal |
Critical Thinking Test |
|
ACT Inc. (1988).
|
Collegiate Assessment of Academic Proficiency (CAAP). Iowa, U.S.A: ACT.
|
CAAP – Collegiate Assessment of Academic Proficiency - critical thinking module |
|
Facione, P.A. & Facione, N.C. (1992).
|
The California Critical Thinking Skills Test and Manual. C.A.: California Academic Press. | CCTST – The California Critical Thinking Skills Test |
| Ennis, Robert, H., Millman, Jason, & Tomko, Thomas, N. (1985). | Cornell Critical Thinking Tests Level X & Z, 3rd ed. U.S.A.: Midwest Publications. | CCTT-Z – Cornell Critical Thinking Test |
|
Ennis, Robert, H. & Weir, Eric (1985).
|
The Ennis-Weir Critical Thinking Essay Test. U.S.A.: Midwest Publications.
|
Ennis-Weir – The Ennis-Weir Critical Thinking Essay Test |
|
Watson, G.B., & Glaser, E.M. (1980).
|
Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal Manual. C.A.: The Psychological Corporation. | WGCTA – Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal |
|
Researchers and Year of Publication |
Article and Journal |
| Becker, Betsy, Jane (1988). |
Synthesizing standardized mean-change measures. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 41, 257-278. |
| Dunlap, William, P., Cortina, Jose, M., Vaslow, Joel, B., & Burke, Michael, J. (1996). |
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